Impacts of Pollutants on Human Health
Similar to other topics based on the latest UGC NET EXAM Syllabus…we have covered the people and environment topics in 7 parts as below along with last 14 Years solved Question paper at the end of the tutorial. You are advised to go through them in sequence and attempt the MCQ Question only after completion of the topic.
Unit-IX People, Development and Environment
- Development and environment: Millennium development and Sustainable development goals.
- Human and environment interaction: Anthropogenic activities and their impacts on the environment.
- Environmental issues: Local, Regional and Global; Air pollution, Water pollution, Soil pollution, Noise pollution, Waste (solid, liquid, biomedical, hazardous, electronic), Climate change and its Socio-Economic and Political Dimensions.
- Impacts of pollutants on human health. [ This Article]
- Natural and energy resources: Solar, Wind, Soil, Hydro, Geothermal, Biomass, Nuclear and Forests.
- Natural hazards and disasters: Mitigation strategies.
- Environmental Protection Act (1986), National Action Plan on Climate Change, International agreements/efforts -Montreal Protocol, Rio Summit,Convention on Biodiversity, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, International Solar Alliance.
- MCQ Based on People, Development and Environment(Coming Soon)
The existence of harmful substance causing an adverse effect on the environment and on human health is known as pollution. It can occur in different forms like,
- Air pollution
- Water pollution
- Soil pollution
- Noise pollution
- Radioactive pollution
- Light pollution
Air pollution has a major impact on human health.
With the onset of industrialization, there has been a change in the atmosphere due to the fire used for generating energy.
Not only industrialization but
- different modes of transport
- the burning of fossil fuels
- forest fires
- burning of leaves
- large scale agricultural waste
- industries and power plants are some of the main sources of air pollution. They are consisting of odours, gaseous pollutants, suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the form of dust, smoke, mist and fume.
These sources of air pollution release harmful gases and substances that are poisonous for human beings.
Some of them are
- sulphur tropospheric ozone
- sulphur dioxide
- nitrogen dioxide
- suspended particulate matter
Common atmospheric pollution sources and their pollutants |
||
| Category | Source | Emitting pollutants |
| Agriculture | Open burning | Suspended particulate matter, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds |
| Mining and quarrying | Coal mining; crude oil and gas production; stone quarrying | Suspended particulate matter, sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, volatile organic compounds |
| Power generation | Electricity; gas; steam | Suspended particulate matter, sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, sulphur trioxide, lead |
| Transport | Combustion engines | Suspended particulate matter, sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, lead |
| Community service | Municipal incinerators | Suspended particulate matter, sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, lead |
Source:www.sustainability.com
The effects of air pollution on human health depend upon the physical and physiological of the person who is affected by air pollution. Many organs or body functions can be harmed by this. Some of the consequences are:
- Respiratory diseases
- Cardiovascular damage
- Fatigue, headaches and anxiety
- Irritation of the eyes, nose and throat
- Damage to reproductive organs
- Harm to the liver
- Damage of nervous system
People living in urban areas are the sufferers as they are more exposed to this air pollution.
Health impacts of some specific air pollutants
- Tobacco smoke – it generates harmful chemicals and causes cancer to the smoker. It also affects the passive smoker like burning sensation in the eyes or nose, throat irritation, etc.
- Volatile organic compounds – they can cause irritation of the eyes, throat, nose, headaches and nausea. They even can damage the liver and other parts of the body.
- Lead – the exposure damages the nervous system, digestive problems, cancer. It is also dangerous to small children.
- Ozone – the exposure to this gas causes itching on the eyes, burning and watery. It also increases respiratory disorders like asthma. It also lowers the resistance to colds and pneumonia.
- Nitrogen oxide – this gas makes the children disposed to respiratory diseases in winters.
- Carbon monoxide – carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin and lessen the required oxygen that enters our blood through lungs. This causes changes in the function of the affected organs like the brain and cardiovascular system. It also affects the concentration level, makes one sleepy.
- Sulphur dioxide – sulphur dioxide in the air are caused due to the increase in the burning of fossil fuels. It causes diseases of lungs and other lung disorders like wheezing and shortness of breath.
- Suspended particulate matter (SPM) – they consist of dust, mist, fumes and smoke. The main components of SPM that affects the health are lead, nickel, arsenic and those present in diesel exhaust. When we breathe these particles it affects our lungs causing lung damage and respiratory problems.
Like air pollution, water pollution is also harmful to human beings.
Water is very important for survival. We need clean water for drinking, irrigation of crops and many other purposes.
If the water resources like the lake, river, streams are polluted and contaminated it will affect our health.
- If we drink polluted water then diseases like amoebiasis, typhoid and hookworm will affect our health.
- Water is polluted by chemicals like heavy metals, lead, pesticides and hydrocarbon causes hormonal and reproductive problems, damages the nervous system, liver and kidney. Exposure to mercury causes diseases like Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, heart disease and death.
- If the sea beaches are polluted then diseases like rashes, hepatitis, gastroenteritis, diarrhoea, stomach aches and vomiting will happen.
- Water pollution also affects our marine life which is one of the food sources.
Soil pollution
Soil pollution happens when the toxic chemicals, pollutants or contaminants in the soil are high causing risk to the plants, wildlife, human beings and to the soil.
The major causes of soil pollution are:
- Use of chemicals like pesticides, herbicides, insecticides and fertilizers are the main factors.
- The breaking of the underground storage tank
- Leakage of wastes from landfills
- Direct discharge of industrial wastes
- Harmful irrigation practices
- Improper maintenance
- Leakage from sanitary sewage, acid rain falling onto the soil
- Fuel leakage of automobiles that soak into the soil
Soil pollution can have harmful effects on ecosystems, human beings and plants. It can harm the water and food which are in direct contact with the polluted soil.
Noise pollution
When there is too much noise or an unpleasant sound causing a temporary disruption in the natural balance is known as noise pollution.
The main causes of noise pollution are:
- Industrialization
- Poor urban planning
- Social events
- Transportation
- Construction activities
- Household chores
Noise pollution causes health issues like
- Hearing problems
- Sleeping disorders
- Cardiovascular issues
- Trouble in communicating
Radioactive pollution
Radioactive pollution happens when there is the presence of radioactive materials in the environment caused by the emission of harmful radiations like alpha or beta particles or gamma rays.
The main causes of radioactive pollution are:
- Nuclear accidents from nuclear energy generation plants
- The use of nuclear weapons for mass destruction
- Mining
- Spillage of radioactive chemicals
- Tests on radiation
- Cosmic rays
The major effects of radioactive pollution are:
- Genetic mutations
- Diseases like cancer
- Infertility in soils
- Cell destruction
Some of the solutions of radioactive pollution are:
- We should dispose of the radioactive wastes properly like burying the wastes.
- We should properly label the content of any radioactive content so that one can take protective measures to handle it.
- Banning of nuclear tests
- We should think of alternative sources of energy like solar energy, hydro-electric and wind power.
- Proper storage or container should be there for the radioactive materials so that there is no leakage.
Light pollution
By light pollution, we understand the excessive, flashy and unwanted artificial lighting.
The cause of light pollution is mainly due to
- Industrialization
- Modernization
Following are the adverse effects of light pollution:
- Over-illumination causes headache, fatigue, stress and anxiety.
- Light trespass during night causes the sleeping disorder.
- Glaring on outdoor lights decreases our vision and the chances of accidents increases.
Human activities have polluted the environment that we live in. But, at the same time, we are also trying to repeal the damage caused by pollution. Small efforts we make towards our greener environment will show can start showing its effect. We can still keep and save what is left from our natural resources to make the world a better place to live for our future generation.
